Common Diseases of the Tongue

About Tongue Diseases

Diseases of the tongue generally occur given the nature of the said organ which often come in contact with various substances that enter the mouth. Since the tongue is exposed to more irritation than any other part of the oral cavity, tongue diseases are more common and numerous. Likewise, factors such as poor dental hygiene, smoking and genetics may play a role in the rise of certain tongue diseases.

Leukoplakia

Leukoplakia is a disease involving the growth of white patches on the mucus membrane of the oral cavity. Aside from the tongue, it can also develop inside the cheeks and in the gums. It is generally a benign tongue lesion, but in some cases, it can develop into tongue cancer. Possible causes are chronic alcohol intake, long-term exposure to chemicals or irritants, and chewing of tobacco. Diagnosis is often made by examining the white patches in the mouth, and a biopsy may also be done to evaluate for cancer cells. Treatment includes discontinued alcohol intake and tobacco use. Removal of patches through laser and other methods, may also be done if no improvement occurs, or when cancer cells are found.

Black Hairy Tongue

Black hairy tongue is a disorder where the tongue appears black and hairy. It is frequently a temporary condition brought about by bacterial overgrowth in the tongue. Causes may include use of tobacco heavily, poor hygiene, and regular exposure to certain mouthwash. Aside from the hairy appearance, other symptoms include bad breath, changes in taste sensation and tongue discoloration. Most cases are harmless and resolves without medical intervention. Good oral hygiene is encouraged, as well as discontinued use of precipitating factors, like tobacco and mouthwash.

Glossitis

An inflammation of the tongue, glossitis is characterized by discoloration, swelling and abnormal tongue smoothness. It can be caused by various factors such as viral infection, lack of hydration, bacterial infection, exposure to chemical irritants, genetics, and even deficiency in Vitamin B and iron. Treatment of the disease involves antibiotic, and other antifungal medications, depending on the cause. Good oral hygiene needs to be practiced, and avoidance of irritants must also be done.

Geographical Tongue

One of the common diseases of the tongue is the geographical tongue. This condition is characterized by the appearance of red patches on the tongue surface with grayish white borders, that resemble a map. It may leave a burning sensation especially when the tongue gets in contact with certain foods. Those who suffer from the geographical tongue disease are advised to avoid eating spicy foods to prevent further irritation. Treatment include use of anti-inflammatory drugs, topical corticosteroids and pain relievers.

Burning Mouth Syndrome

Burning mouth syndrome, also called burning tongue syndrome, is a harmless tongue disease that is more common in women than in men. Sensory nerves in the tongue are often affected leading to symptoms such as pain, changes in tongue texture and experience of different taste sensation or even absence of taste. This is frequently associated with other diseases like yeast infection, diabetes and endocrine disorders.

References

MedlinePlus: Glossitis

MayoClinic: Burning Mouth Syndrome

MayoClinic: Leukoplakia

MayoClinic: Geographical Tongue

MayoClinic: Black, Hairy Tongue